[[OIcel declension]]
# OIcel ō-stems

OIcel inherits [[PGmc ō-stems]] (all feminine) with the following paradigm[^norröne]

| case | fem.sg                        | fem.pl                        |
| ---- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| nom  | <em class="ling">gjǫf-°</em>  | <em class="ling">gjaf-ar</em> |
| gen  | <em class="ling">gjaf-ar</em> | <em class="ling">gjaf-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">gjǫf-°</em>  | <em class="ling">gjǫf-um</em> |
| acc  | <em class="ling">gjǫf-°</em>  | <em class="ling">gjaf-ar</em> |

## Subclasses

The paradigm above is sometimes described as the “pure ō-stems”.
Stems orginally ending in <em class="recon">-jō-</em> have [[OIcel j-insertion]]

| case | fem.sg                         | fem.pl                         |
| ---- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ |
| nom  | <em class="ling">ben-∅</em>    | <em class="ling">ben-j-ar</em> |
| gen  | <em class="ling">ben-j-ar</em> | <em class="ling">ben-j-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">ben-∅</em>    | <em class="ling">ben-j-um</em> |
| acc  | <em class="ling">ben-∅</em>    | <em class="ling">ben-j-ar</em> |

[^norröne]: [[@haugenNorroeneGrammatikIm2013|Norröne Grammatik im Überblick: Altisländisch und Altnorwegisch]], §30

Stems originally ending in <em class="recon">-wō</em> have a <em class="ling">-v-</em> before all vowel endings, except in the case of <em class="ling">u</em> where it is assimilated.

| case | fem.sg.                       | fem.pl                        |
| ---- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| nom  | <em class="ling">ǫr-∅</em>    | <em class="ling">ǫr-v-ar</em> |
| gen  | <em class="ling">ǫr-v-ar</em> | <em class="ling">ǫr-v-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">ǫr-∅</em>    | <em class="ling">ǫr-um</em>   |
| acc  | <em class="ling">ǫr-∅</em>    | <em class="ling">ǫr-v-ar</em> |

In some grammars [[OIcel ijō-stems]] are included as subclasses of ō-stems.

## Irregularities

Some nouns have alternants for nom.pl and acc.pl ending <em class="ling">-ir</em>

- <em class="ling">farir</em> ← <em class="ling">fǫr</em> ‘trip’
- <em class="ling">áir</em> ← <em class="ling">á</em> ‘river’

Some nouns of this class have alternants for dat.sg with the historic <em class="ling">-u</em> preserved

- <em class="ling">hǫllu</em> ← <em class="ling">hǫll</em> ‘hall‘
- <em class="ling">eggju</em> ← <em class="ling">egg</em> ‘blade's edge‘
- <em class="ling">ǫru</em> ← <em class="ling">ǫr</em> ‘arrow‘

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